\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrr}\toprule
Variable & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Bottom tercile} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Middle tercile} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Top tercile} \\
 \multicolumn{1}{l}{\textbf{\textit{R\&D and exposure variables}}}   & mean & sd &mean & sd & mean & sd  \\
\cmidrule(lr){1-1} \cmidrule(lr){2-3} \cmidrule(lr){4-5} \cmidrule(lr){6-7} 
Indirect subsidy (in millions euros)&0.00&0.00&0.02&0.03&1.00&4.33\\
Exposure&2.65&3.44&9.36&1.27&12.23&1.63\\
Proximity&0.00&0.01&0.01&0.04&0.18&0.68\\
Engineer employment&28.61&150.34&81.71&462.70&329.95&2381.54\\
Engineer wage bill (in millions euros)&1.53&7.79&4.49&25.69&17.37&117.54\\
R\&D wage bill (log)&12.90&1.78&13.57&1.94&14.32&2.24\\
Log R\&D hourly wage (log)&3.30&0.29&3.33&0.27&3.34&0.25\\
Log R\&D hours (log)&9.60&1.70&10.24&1.85&10.98&2.19\\
 \midrule \multicolumn{1}{l}{\textbf{\textit{Output variables}}}   & mean & sd &mean & sd & mean & sd \\
\cmidrule(lr){1-1} \cmidrule(lr){2-3} \cmidrule(lr){4-5} \cmidrule(lr){6-7} 
Raw patent count (weighted by claims)&1.33&10.19&7.61&43.32&62.02&391.50\\
Connection to science adjusted patent count&0.19&1.92&1.19&8.30&16.05&147.18\\
Forward citations adjusted patent count&0.02&0.27&0.14&1.25&1.06&7.66\\
 \midrule \multicolumn{1}{l}{\textbf{\textit{Channels}}}   & mean & sd &mean & sd & mean & sd  \\
\cmidrule(lr){1-1} \cmidrule(lr){2-3} \cmidrule(lr){4-5} \cmidrule(lr){6-7} 
Plant creation rate&0.14&0.17&0.13&0.16&0.13&0.15\\
Plant creation rate (by new firms)&0.08&0.13&0.08&0.13&0.07&0.12\\
Plant creation rate (by existing firms)&0.06&0.10&0.05&0.09&0.06&0.09\\
Engineering plant creation rate&0.02&0.06&0.02&0.07&0.02&0.06\\
PhD cosupervision&0.01&0.11&0.05&0.21&0.15&0.36\\
Academic spin-off (binary)&0.00&0.02&0.00&0.04&0.00&0.00\\
Outsourcing R\&D to public labs (binary)&0.00&0.00&0.00&0.00&0.00&0.00\\
Outsourcing R\&D to public labs (log)&&&&&&\\
Tranfer of senior academics (binary)&0.03&0.18&0.07&0.26&0.22&0.42\\
Tranfer of junior academics (binary)&0.05&0.22&0.09&0.29&0.25&0.43\\
Tranfer of researchers (binary)&0.08&0.27&0.14&0.35&0.32&0.47\\
Hiring of young PhDs (binary)&0.00&0.00&0.00&0.00&0.00&0.00\\
\bottomrule\end{tabular}
